A zig-zag transformer is used for providing grounding on the transformer. It provides insulation between the ground and the component so that the system component may not be affected by the fault currents. Zigzag transformer terminates the harmonics of the power system. It also protects the power system by reducing the stress of the voltage under …
The grounding transformer is used to provide a path to an ungrounded system or when the system neutral is not available for some reason, for example, when a system is delta connected. It provides a low impedance path to the neutral and also limits the transient overvoltage when the ground faults occur in the system. …
A line to line fault or unsymmetrical fault occurs when two conductors are short circuited. In the figure shown below shows a three phase system with a line-to-line fault phases b and c. The fault impedance is assumed to be Zf. The LL fault is placed between lines b and c so that the fault …
In neutral grounding system, the neutral of the system or rotating system or transformer is connected to the ground. The neutral grounding is an important aspect of power system design because the performance of the system regarding short circuits, stability, protection, etc., is greatly affected by the condition of the neutral. A three phase system …
Resistance grounding In this type of neutral grounding, the neutral of the system is connected to ground through one or more resistance. Resistance grounding limits the fault currents. It protects the system from transient overvoltages. Resistance grounding decreases the arcing grounding risk and permits ground-fault protection. The value of resistance used in the neutral grounding …
Overhead line insulators are used to separate line conductors from each other and the supporting structures electrically. Permittivity and dielectric strength of the insulating material are very high so that it can withstand high electrical stress. Insulators protect the transmission line from overvoltages which occur due to lightning, switching, or other causes under the severe …
The change of voltage is affected by changing the numbers of turns of the transformer provided with taps. For sufficiently close control of voltage, taps are usually provided on the high voltage windings of the transformer. There are two types of tap-changing transformers Off-load tap changing transformer On-load tap changing transformer Off-load tap-changing transformer In …
When the voltage in a system, raised beyond its rated voltage, then it is known as overvoltage. This overvoltage may be of transient or persistent nature. The main cause due to which overvoltage is produced in the power system may be conveniently grouped into two categories, namely, internal and external. Internal overvoltage has got their …
The power factor is defined as the ratio of the active power (P) and volt-amperes. The active power is the real power which is assumed in an AC circuit, whereas volt-amperes is the apparent power which is produced in the circuit when the waves of voltage or current are not in phase. For sinusoidal waveforms, …
If the power factor is low or poor, it is necessary to improve or correct it. It may be improved by injecting a leading current into the circuit so as to neutralize the effect of lagging current. The power factor may be improved by using static capacitors or synchronous motors. Power factor correction by static …
